1. Hetu Duka:
(i) (1059). What are the dhamma which are root causes?
There are: three meritorious root causes, three demeritorious root causes, three neither-meritorious-nor-demeritorious root causes; nine root causes pertaining to the Sensuous Sphere; six root causes pertaining to the Fine material Sphere; six root causes pertaining to the Non-material Sphere; and six root causes pertaining to the Supramundane.
(1060). Of those, what are the three root causes of meritoriousness?
There are: absence of greed (alobha), absence of hatred (adosa) and absence of bewilderment (amoha).
(1061). Of those (three meritorious root causes), what is absence of greed?
There are: absence of greed, being without desire, desirelessness; non-attachment, not having attachment, being without attachment; non-covetousness, non-greed which is the root cause of meritoriousness.
~This is called absence of greed.
(1062). Of those (three meritorious root causes), what is absence of hatred?
There are: non-hatred, being without hatred, hatelessness, good will, having good will, being with good will, loving-care, being with loving-care, seeking the welfare of others, being compassionate, absence of ill-will, being without ill-will, non-hatred which is the root cause of meritoriousness.
~This is called absence of hatred.
(1063). Of those (three meritorious root causes), what is absence of
bewilderment?
There are: knowledge of dukkha, knowledge of the cause of dukkha, knowledge of the cessation of dukkha; knowledge of past existences, knowledge of future existences, knowledge of (both) past and future existences; knowledge of the relation between cause and effect (as set out) in the Theory of Cause and Effect (Paticasamuppada).
There are: wisdom, thorough understanding, scrutiny (of impermanence, etc., of phenomena), comprehensive scrutiny, investigative knowledge of the dhamma (i.e., the Four Ariya Truths), right observation (of impermenence, etc.,), close obsevation, direct observation, erudition, proficiency, refinement in knowledge, discriminative knowledge, reflection (on impermanence, etc.,), comparative examination, breadth of knowledge, wisdom, insight, clear comprehension, wisdom like a guiding goad, wisdom as faculty of wisdom, power of wisdom, wisdom like a sword, wisdom like a tower, wisdom like light, wisdom like radience, wisdom like a torch, wisdom like a jewel, non-bewilderment, investigative knowledge of the dhamma and right view.
~This is called absence of bewilderment.
~These are the three root causes of meritoriousness.
(1064). Of those (root causes), what are the three root causes of
demeritoriousness?
They are: greed, hatred and bewilderment.
(1065). Of those (three demeritorious root causes), what is greed?
There are: attachment, strong attachment, fawning, compliance, delight, intense delight, strong attachment of the mind, longing, infatuation, being completely overwhelmed by greed, greed, wanting everything, clinging, the mire of desire, seduction (towards new existences), wile, leading beings to ills and sufferings of existences, causing beings to arise in the round of rebirths, binding beings to successive existences, net of sensual objects, rapid current of suffering, poisonous force, a rope binding beings to worthless endeavour, pervading desire for sense objects, endeavouring to attain sense-objects, a pleasant companion in every existence, hankering after, leading to existences, a jungle, a thick jungle, intimate relationship, lust, favourable regard, entanglement in various sense-objects.
Craving for sense-objects, having craving, being full of craving, craving for attractive objects, craving for pleasant sound, craving for pleasant odour, craving for pleasant taste, craving for pleasant tangible objects, craving for gain, craving for wealth, craving for offspring, craving for life.
Asserting one's right, repeatedly asserting one's right, strongly asserting one's right, assertion of one's right, making an assertion of one's right, assertiveness of one's right.
Excessive greed for sense-objects, having excessive greed for sense-objects, being full of excessive greed sense-objects, being excited with desire (like a dog wagging its tail), longing for pleasant objects, passion for improper objects (such as incestuous longing), inordinate greed, liking an object, having liking for an object, longing for an object, fondness for an object, intense longing for an object.
Craving for sense pleasures, craving for existence, craving for non-existence, craving for existence in the Fine Material Sphere, craving for existence in the Non-material Sphere, craving for cessation of existence, craving for the visible object, craving for sound, craving for odour, craving for taste, craving for tangible objects, craving for mind-object.
The whirlpool (of existences), the yoke (of existences), the bond (of existences), clinging, obstruction (to meritorious dhamma), hindrance, concealing (the true dhamma), binding (beings to ills and sufferings of existence), impurities, defilements that have not been completely dispelled, upsurge of greed, entwining like a creeper, desiring all kinds of objects, root cause of ills and sufferings of existence, cause of ills and sufferings of existence, source of ills and sufferings of existence, snare of Mara, fish-hook of Mara, domain of Mara, river of craving, covetousness, greed, the root cause of demeritoriousness.
~This is called greed.
(1066). Of those (three demeritorious root causes), what is hatred?
Animosity arises (at the thought) 'that something disadvantageous to me has been done', 'that something disadvantageous to me is being done', 'that something disadvantageous to me will be done'; animosity arises (at the thought) 'that something disadvantageous to one I esteem and love has been done' ...p... being done ...p... will be done'. Besides, animosity also arises without any cause.
There are in mind such animosity, strong animosity, hostility, antagonism, indignation, strong indignation, extreme indignation, hatred, strong hatred, extreme hatred, getting upset, getting extremely upset, anger, feeling of anger, being giving to anger, hatred, having hatred, being giving to hatred, being upset, getting upset, being prone to getting upset, opposition, repeated opposition, rudeness, incoherent speech, losing one's temper. (1142)
~This is called hatred.
(1067). Of those (three demeritorious root causes), what is bewilderment?
There are: ignorance of dukkha, ignorance of the cause of dukkha, ignorance of the practice leading to the cessation of dukkha, ignorance of past existences, ignorance of future existences, ignorance of (both) past and future existences, ignorance of the relation between cause and effect (as set out) in the Theory of Cause and Effect, Paticcasamuppada.
There are: ignorance, not seeing (the Truth) incomprehension (of the Truth), lack of proper knowledge (of the Truth), misapprehension (of impermanence etc., nature of phenomena), lack of penetrative knowledge, inability to grasp well (the impermanence etc., the of phenomena), inability to grasp completely (the Truth as it really is), inability to view correctly (the impermanent etc., nature of phenomena), inability to reflect properly, inability to distinguish between right and wrong, that which destroys purity of mind, foolishness, lack of clear comprehension,, bewilderment, intense bewilderment, absolute bewilderment, lack of comprhension of the Four Ariya Truths, whirlpool of ignorance, yoke of ignorance, potential ignorance, upsurge of ignorance, barrier of ignorance, bewilderment which is the root of demeritoriousness.
~This is called bewilderment.
~The above three are the root causes of demeritoriousness.
(1068). Of those (root causes), what are three root causes which are neither
meritorious nor demeritorious?
There are absence of greed, absence of hatred and absence of bewilderment which are in the resultants of meritoriousness and in the neither-meritorious-nor-demeritorious non-causative actions.
~These are the three root causes which are neither-meritorious-
nor-demeritorious.
(1069). Of those (root causes), what are the nine root causes pertaining to
the Sensuous Sphere?
There are three root causes of meritoriousness, three root causes of demeritoriousness, and three neither-meritorious-nor-demeritorious root causes.
~These are the nine root causes pertaining to the Sensuous Sphere.
(1070). Of those (root causes), what are the six root causes pertaining to
the Fine Material Sphere?
There are three root causes of meritoriousness and three neither-meritorioue-nor-demeritorious root causes.
~These are the six root causes pertaining to the Fine Material Sphere.
(1071). Of those (root causes), what are the six root causes pertaining to
the Non-material Sphere?
There are three root causes of meritoriousness anf three neither-meritorious-nor-demeritorious root causes.
~These are the six root causes pertaining to the Non-material Sphere.
(1072). of those (root causes), what are the six causes pertaining to
the Supramundane?
There are three root causes of meritoriousness and three neither-meritorious-nor-demeritorious root causes.
~These are the six causes pertaining to the Supramundane.
(1073). Of those (root causes), what are the three meritorious root causes?
There are absence of greed, absence of hatred and absence of bewilderment.
(1074). Of those (three meritorious root causes), what is absence of greed?
There are: absence of greed, being without desire, desirelessness, non--attachment, having no attachment, being without attachment, non-covetousness, non-greed which is the root cause of meritoriousness.
(312, 1061)
~This is called absence of greed.
(1075). Of those (three meritorious root causes), what is absence of hatred?
There are: non-hatred, being without hatred, hatelessness, absence of ill-will, being without ill-will, and non-hatred which is the root cause of meritoriousness.
(313, 1062)
~This is called absence of hatred.
(1076). Of those (three meritorious root causes), what is absence
of bewilderment?
There are: knowledge of dukkha, knowledge of the cause of dukkha, knowledge of the cessation of dukkha; knowledge of past existences, knowledge of future existences, knowledge of (both) past and future existences; knowledge of the relation between cause and effect (as set out) in the Theory of Cause and Effect (Paticasamuppada).
There are: wisdom, thorough understanding, scrutiny (of impermanence, etc., of phenomena), comprehensive scrutiny, investigative knowledge of the dhamma (i.e., the Four Ariya Truths), right observation (of impermenence, etc.,), close obsevation, direct observation, erudition, proficiency, refinement in knowledge, discriminative knowledge, reflection (on impermanence, etc.,), comparative examination, breadth of knowledge, wisdom, insight, clear comprehension, wisdom like a guiding goad, wisdom as faculty of wisdom, power of wisdom, wisdom like a sword, wisdom like a tower, wisdom like light, wisdom like radience, wisdom like a torch, wisdom like a jewel, non-bewilderment, investigative knowledge of the dhamma and right view, enlightenment factor of investigative knowledge of phenomena, a constituent of the Path to Nibbana, and knowledge included in the Path.
~This is called absence of bewilderment.
(1077). Of those (Supramundane root causes), what are three neither-
meritorious-nor-demeritorious root causes?
There are absence of greed, absence of hatred and absence of bewilderment which are in the resultants of meritoriousness.
~These are the three neither-meritorious-nor-demeritorious root causes.
~These are the six root causes pertaining to the Supramundane.
~ These are the dhamma which are root causes.
(i) (1441). What are the dhamma which are root causes?
There are: three meritorious root causes, three demeritorious root causes, and three neither-meritorious-nor-demeritorious root causes.
Absence of greed which is a meritorious root cause and absence of hatred which is a meritorious root cause arise together with (21) meritorious thoughts of the four spheres. Leaving aside the four meritorious thoughts of the Sensuous Sphere not associated with wisdom, absence of bewilderment which is a meritorious root cause arises in (17) meritorious thoughts of the four spheres.
Greed which is a demeritorious root cause arises in (8) thoughts associated with greed; hatred which is a demeritorious root cause arises in (2) thoughts associated with hatred; bewilderment which is a demeritorious root cause arises in all demeritorious thoughts.
Absence of greed which is a resultant root cause and absence of hatred which is a resultant root cause arise together with resultant thoughts of the four spheres. Leaving aside resultant thoughts without root cause pertaining to the Sensuous Sphere, absence of bewilderment which is a resultant root cause arises in the resultant thoughts of the four spheres.
Leaving aside resultant thoughts without root cause pertaining to the Sensuous Sphere, and leaving aside the four thoughts not associated with wisdom (pertaining to the Sensuous Sphere), absence of greed which is a non-causative action without root cause and absence of hatred which is a non-causative action without root cause arise together with non-causative action without root cause pertaining to the three spheres.
Leaving aside non-causative action without root cause pertaining to the Sensuous Sphere, absence of bewilderment which is a non-causative action without root cause arises together with the non-causative action without root cause pertaining to the three spheres.
Leaving aside non-causative action without root cause pertaining to the Sensuous Sphere, and leaving aside the four thoughts not associated with wisdom (pertaining to the Sensuous Sphere), absence of bewilderment which is a non-causative action without root cause arises together with the non-causative action without root cause pertaining to the three spheres.
~These are the dhamma which are root causes.